buy custom Adult Criminal Behavior essay

buy custom Adult Criminal Behavior essay It is evident that a number of researches have been carried out in an attempt to investigate whether childhood abuse and neglect leads to adult criminal behaviour (Widon, 2001). According to the research that was sponsored by the National Institute of Justice, childhood abuse as well as neglect generally increases adult criminal behaviour by 29 % (Widon, 2001). This is a study that was carried out in 1998, when the age of subjects was 26 on average. In 1994, the subjects were on average 32.5 years of age (Widon, 2001). Out of this sample only 1 percent was above the offending years. In researches carried out much recently, the same sentiments are shared in a number of respects, though they also portray different opinions on others. The study compared the 1575 cases of two groups right from childhood to young adulthood. The first group was 908 cases of childhood abuse and neglect, which had been processed by the courts within the period between 1967 and 1971(Widon, 2001). In addition, an approximately over 20 years track through the criminal records had been done on them. This group was matched by age, approximate socioeconomic status of the family, race and sex in comparison to a study done on 667 children (Widon, 2001). From these studies it is apparent that the victimization of childhood leads to a lot of serious social problems (Perez and Widom, 1994). As indicated by the delinquency research, it is clear that both physical and sexual childhood abuse is usually linked with delinquency. In addition, early maltreatment enhances the seriousness, the variety, and the duration of the problems. Further the studies indicate that todays abused children eventually become the violent offenders of tomorrow. This is justified by the phrase violence begets violence. In a study carried out previously on the effects of the early malnutrition on the consequent behaviors of a child, it is evident that malnourished children suffered from attention deficits, poorer emotional stability as well as reduced social skills as compared to children who did not suffer from malnutrition (Zingraff et al, 1993). Apparently, a childs neglect or abuse increases the possibility of the child to be arrested approximately by 59 percent as a juvenile, 28 percent as an adult and 30 percent for a violent crime. Clearly, the maltreated children who were younger at their initial time of arrest were found to commit more crrimes (Widon, 2001). Besides, they were also arrested frequently. Comparing the sexually abused children and the physically abused or neglected children, it is apparent that the latter were the ones arrested later for crimes which were violent (Perez and Widom, 1994). In much contemporary studies, neglected and abused females also were at a risk of being arrested for violence as juveniles and as adults. The non-maltreated children among the whites indicated the highest rates of crimes as compared to the maltreated children (Zingraff et al, 1993). Among the blacks, on the other hand, it is the neglected and abused children who indicated an increase in the arrests of the violent crimes. From the studies, there was no link between the children who were arrested away from their home, the reason that they were abused or neglected and the out of home placement. In conclusion, the victimization of children leads to a lot of serious social problems. Moreover, it has an influence on the subsequent child behavior. It is, therefore, of paramount importance that children are not abused either physically or sexually. In addition, they should not be neglected so that they are shaped into being better citizens of tomorrow. Buy custom Adult Criminal Behavior essay

Definition and Examples of Telicity in English Grammar

Definition and Examples of Telicity in English Grammar In linguistics, telicity is the aspectual property of a verb phrase (or of the sentence as a whole) which indicates that an action or event has a clear endpoint. Also known as aspectual boundedness. A verb phrase presented as having an endpoint is said to be telic. In contrast, a verb phrase that is not presented as having an endpoint is said to be atelic. See Examples and Observations below. Also see: AspectGrammaticalizationTransitivity EtymologyFrom the Greek, end, goal Examples and Observations Telic verbs include fall, kick, and make (something). These verbs contrast with atelic verbs, where the event has no such natural end-point, as with play (in such a context as the children are playing). - David Crystal, A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 4th ed. Blackwell, 1997 Testing for TelicityOne reliable test to distinguish between telic and atelic verb phrases is to try using the gerund form of the verb phrase as direct object of complete or finish, which refer to the natural point of completion of an action. Only telic verb phrases can be used in this way. . . . [What did you do last night?] - I finished {repairing the roof / *repairing}. (Repair the roof is a telic VP while repair is atelic.)It was 11:30 p.m. when I completed {writing the report / *writing}. (Write the report is a telic VP while write is atelic.)He {stopped / *finished / *completed} being their leader in 1988. (Be their leader is an atelic VP.) Unlike finish and complete, the verb stop refers to an arbitrary endpoint. It can therefore be followed by an atelic verb phrase. If it is followed by a telic one, stop is by implicature interpreted as referring to a provisional endpoint preceding the natural point of completion: I stopped reading the book at five. (implicates that I had not finished reading the book when I stopped reading it) (Renaat Declerck in cooperation with Susan Reed and Bert Cappelle, The Grammar of the English Tense System: A Comprehensive Analysis. Mouton de Gruyter, 2006) Verb Meaning and Telicity Because telicity is so dependent on clausal elements besides the verb, it could be debated whether it is represented in verb meaning at all. In order to explore that debate, lets start by comparing watch and eat. Examples (35) and (36) provide a minimal pair, in that the only element that differs in the two sentences is the verb. (35) I watched a fish. [Atelic-Activity](36) I ate a fish. [Telic-Accomplishment] Since the sentence with watch is atelic and the sentence with eat is telic, it seems we must conclude that the verb is responsible for the (a)telicity of the sentence in these cases, and that watch is by its nature atelic. However, that easy conclusion is complicated by the fact that telic situations can also be described with watch: (37) I watched a film. [Telic-Accomplishment] The key to whether each of these situations is telic or not is in the second argumentthe verbs object. In the atelic watch example (35) and the telic eat example (36), the arguments look identical. Go a little deeper, however, and the arguments do not seem so similar. When one eats a fish, one eats its physical body. When one watches a fish, it is more than the physical body of the fish that is relevantone watches a fish doing something, even if all it is doing is existing. That is, when one watches, one watches not a thing, but a situation. If the situation that is watched is telic (e.g. the playing of a film), then so is the watching situation. If the watched situation is not telic (e.g. the existence of a fish), then neither is the watching situation. So, we cannot conclude that watch itself is telic or atelic, but we can conclude that the semantics of watch tell us that it has situation argument, and the the watching activity is coextensive with . . . the arguments situation. . . .Many verbs are like this- their telicity is directly influenced by the boundedness or telicity of their arguments, and so we must conclude that those verbs themselves are unspecified for telicity. - M. Lynne Murphy, Lexical Meaning. Cambridge University Press, 2010 Telicity in the strict sense clearly is an aspectual property which is not purely or even primarily lexical. - Rochelle Lieber, Morphology and Lexical Semantics. Cambridge University Press, 2004